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In this post, I am going to split terminal windows on mac using tmux . what is tmux? "tmux is a terminal multiplexer: it enables a number of terminals to be created, accessed, and controlled from a single screen. tmux may be detached from a screen and continue running in the background, then later reattached" (man page) install % brew install tmux % tmux -V tmux 3.2 start session % tmux % tmux ls 0: 1 windows (created Sun Apr 25 20:14:43 2021) (attached) Ctrl-b Ctrl-b is the signal to use tmux commands. Typing a key followed by Ctrl-b lets you split the pane, kill the window, etc. Here is the snippet from the mannual: DEFAULT KEY BINDINGS      tmux may be controlled from an attached client by using a key combination of a prefix key, `C-b' (Ctrl-b) by default, followed by a command key.            C-b         Send the prefix key (C-b) through to the application.            "    ...

In this post, I am going to describe differences among server-testing frameworks that I have briefly tried so far: Comparison Serverspec InSpec Testinfra Goss my blog post link link link link language Ruby / RSpec Ruby / RSpec Python / pytest Go / yaml package gem gem pip none remote exec yes yes yes no license MIT Chef Apache 2.0 Apache 2.0 github repo link link link link - created_at 2013 2015 2015 2015 - stars 2.4k 2.3k 1.9k 4.3k Thought Personally, I liked Goss the most as you can write it in yaml. The biggest drawback is that you have to run it on the server itself, and this makes it harder to introduce the tool on the existing production environment. Next, InSpec was easy to start with. I was going to use it at work until I noticed the license issue. Thus, I have basically two options. Serverspec seems great, but since my team members tends to prefer Python to other languages, we might start using Testinfra first.

In this post, I am going to try Testinfra . what is Testinfra? Testinfra is a server-testing framework in Python. https://testinfra.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ Similar technologies include: Serverspec, InSpec, and Goss. test server I have create a test server on EC2 as follows: ssh -i test ec2-user@100.26.216.164 https://web-quickstart.blogspot.com/2021/04/terraform-ec2-instance-with-ssh-setup.html install % python --version Python 3.8.5 % pip --version pip 20.2.4 % pip install pytest-testinfra % pip list | grep infra        pytest-testinfra                   6.3.0 run locally (test Mac) % cat root.py def test_passwd_file(host):     passwd = host.file("/etc/passwd")     assert passwd.contains("root")     assert passwd.user == "root" % py.test root.py run remotely (test EC2) Prepare ssh config like below: % cat config  Host testserver   HostName 100.26.216.164   Port 22  ...

In this post, I am going to install InSpec and try it. what is InSpec? InSpec is a server-testing framework developed by Chef. It is similar to Serverspec . To see the difference between Serverspec and InSpec, as well as how to migrate from Serverspec, you can check: https://docs.chef.io/inspec/migration/ The license agreement is required for "Personal, Non-Commercial, Experimental"  https://www.chef.io/end-user-license-agreement test server I have create a test server on EC2 as follows: ssh -i test ec2-user@34.207.64.183 https://web-quickstart.blogspot.com/2021/04/terraform-ec2-instance-with-ssh-setup.html install % gem install inspec % gem install inspec-bin % inspec -v 4.33.1 usage from help command % inspec exec -h Options:   t, [--target=TARGET]            # Simple targeting option using URIs, e.g. ssh://user:pass@host:port   i, [--key-files=one two three]  # Login key or certificate file for a remote scan. test (fail) Prepare a t...

In this post, I am going to install Serverspec and run a sample test on a EC2 instance. what is Serverspec? Serverspec is a server-testing framework in Ruby. A similar technology may include Goss (https://web-quickstart.blogspot.com/2021/04/goss-quick-start-on-awsec2.html ). install % gem install serverspec % gem list serverspec serverspec (2.41.5) If you get " FilePermissionError " see https://web-quickstart.blogspot.com/2021/04/troubleshoot-gem-install.html test server I have created an EC2 instance as: ssh -i test ec2-user@34.203.28.211 reference: https://web-quickstart.blogspot.com/2021/04/terraform-ec2-instance-with-ssh-setup.html init project % serverspec-init Select OS type:   1) UN*X   2) Windows Select number: 1 Select a backend type:   1) SSH   2) Exec (local) Select number: 1 Vagrant instance y/n: n Input target host name: 34.203.28.211  + spec/  + spec/34.203.28.211/  + spec/34.203.28.211/sample_spec.rb  + spec/spec_helper.rb  + R...

In this post, I am going to try Goss on a EC2 instance. what is goss? Goss is ServerSpec in Go. You can define tests as yaml. https://github.com/aelsabbahy/goss test server You can create a test ec2 instance: https://web-quickstart.blogspot.com/2021/04/terraform-ec2-instance-with-ssh-setup.html install $ curl -fsSL https://goss.rocks/install | sh touch: cannot touch '/usr/local/bin/goss': Permission denied ERROR: Cannot write to /usr/local/bin set GOSS_DST elsewhere or use sudo I just added sudo to solve it. Note: use manual installation for production servers as mentioned in the github page. $ curl -fsSL https://goss.rocks/install | sudo sh $ goss --version goss version v0.3.16 generate tests You can use autoadd command to have the initial cases. $ goss autoadd sshd goss.yaml is created as follows: service:   sshd:     enabled: true     running: true user:   sshd:     exists: true     uid: 74     gid: 74     groups:...

This post shows examples of jq usage. what is jq? jq is a command-line JSON parser. It can pretty print JSON, access specified keys & values, etc. install % brew install jq % jq --version jq-1.6 sample.json Assume that you have un-formatted json as a API-call result. [{"name":"n1","created":"2021-02-15","settings":[{"name":"setting1","value":"value1"},{"name":"setting2","value":"value2"}]},{"name":"n2","created":"2021-02-16","settings":[{"name":"setting1","value":"value1"}]}] examples pretty format % cat sample.json | jq . [   {     "name" : "n1" ,     "created" : "2021-02-15" ,     "settings" : [       {         "name" : "setting1" ,         "value" : "value1"       },       {...